Liveness restarts stuck containers; readiness removes them from Service endpoints until dependencies recover. Misconfigured probes cause flapping or silent traffic blackholes.

Raft elects a leader for log replication; committed entries survive (N/2)+1 failures. etcd and Consul embed Raft for strongly consistent metadata.

Pilgrims enter ihram, perform tawaf around the Kaaba, walk between Safa and Marwa, stand at Arafat, then complete stoning and sacrifice rites per guidance. Crowds require patience; scholars publish step-by-step checklists for first-timers.